Cardiovascular Protein Families in Development and Disease

According to the CDC, 20% of deaths annually in the United States are attributed to cardiovascular disease, making it the leading cause of death for most demographics including men and women, and most racial and ethnic groups.

Vascular Growth Factors

Human cardiac development begins in utero as early as the end of the second week of gestation and the four-chamber structure of the heart is visible by gestational week 7. Key growth factor families that contribute to cardiac development are:

Epidermal growth factors (EGF)
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF)
Fibroblast growth factors (FGF)

EGF signaling regulates a variety of processes throughout development, not limited to the development of the cardiovascular system. There are four key receptors in this family, HER1, HER2, HER3, and HER4, also known as ERbB1-4. HER2, 3, and 4 are crucial to cardiovascular development because deletion of any of these receptors was embryonic lethal in murine models.

IGF signaling similarly regulates many developmental processes, including heart development and metabolic pathways. IGF-1 signaling, in particular, contributes to improved cardiomyocyte proliferation and metabolism, and reduced fibrosis and apoptosis. This impact appears both during development and in treatment for cardiovascular disease in adults.

The FGF protein family includes 22 secreted proteins and 4 receptors. FGF proteins are involved in embryonic stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes, cardiomyocyte and myocyte proliferation, and coronary vascular development. However, research is still ongoing into which FGF family members are crucial to each of these developmental milestones.

Target	Antibodies	Applications
Rabbit anti-HER2/ErbB2 Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	A700-241	Flow Cyt, ICC, IHC, IP, WB
Rabbit anti-Insulin Receptor Beta Antibody	A303-712A	IP, WB
Mouse anti-IGF1R Monoclonal Antibody [BC10]	A500-039A	ICC, IHC
Mouse anti-IGF2BP2 Monoclonal Antibody [1E3.01E5]	A500-012A	IP, WB
Mouse anti-IGF2BP2 Monoclonal Antibody [3A3.5F1]	A500-013A	IP, WB
Rabbit anti-IGF2BP2 Antibody	A303-317A	IHC, IP, WB
Rabbit anti-IGF2BP2 Antibody	A303-316A	IHC, IP

Apolipoproteins & Lipoproteins

Apolipoproteins are the protein component of lipoprotein particles which are used to transport lipids throughout the body. Lipoproteins are classified according to their density as determined by the proportion of lipids to proteins:

high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL)
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL)
chylomicron (CM)

HDLs transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues back to the liver to be excreted in bile, thereby reducing cholesterol accumulation and atherosclerotic plaque formation which decreases the risks of cardiovascular disease. LDLs, IDLs, and VLDLs functionally oppose HDLs by transporting cholesterol and triglycerides from the liver throughout the body and, thus, can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease through fat buildup and plaque formation. Specific apolipoproteins are associated with different lipoproteins and became more informative biomarkers for cardiovascular disease risk than HDL and LDL levels.

Target	Function	Antibodies	Proteins
Apo(a)	Characteristic component of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a))	A81-102
ApoAI	Main structural protein of HDL and CM	A81-104, A81-105	P81-104
ApoAII	Structural component of HDL and CM	A81-106, A81-107	P81-106
ApoB-100	Main structural protein of LDL, IDL, VLDL, and Lp(a); strong predictor of cardiovascular disease risk	A81-110	P81-110, P81-144
ApoCI	Structural component of HDL, IDL, VLDL, and CM. Role in HDL remodeling	A81-112, A81-113	P81-112
ApoCII	Structural component of HDL, IDL, VLDL, and CM	A81-114, A81-115	P81-114
ApoCIII	Structural component of HDL, IDL, VLDL, and CM	A81-116, A81-117	P81-116
ApoE	Structural component of HDL, IDL, VLDL, and CM	A81-118	P81-118

Cardiac Injury Biomarkers

Cardiac troponins are the most common biomarkers for cardiac injury, such as a heart attack, because they are highly specific for cardiac injury, are released quickly into the bloodstream after injury, and remain in the bloodstream longer than many of the other biomarkers. The higher the levels of cardiac troponins, the more cardiac tissue damage has occurred.

Myoglobin is a small heme protein that is also released rapidly into the bloodstream following cardiac muscle damage. It serves as an early but less specific marker for myocardial infarction because it is also elevated in skeletal muscle injury. Due to this lack of specificity, myoglobin is often used in combination with cardiac troponins as a biomarker to enhance early detection of cardiomyocyte injury. With a heart attack occurring every 40 seconds in the US, early detection is critical for increased survival rates and improved quality of life.

Target	Antibodies	Applications
Rabbit anti-Troponin I Recombinant Monoclonal Antibody	A700-280	IHC, WB
Mouse anti-Cardiac Troponin I Monoclonal Antibody [8I-7]	A500-046A	IHC, WB
Mouse anti-Cardiac Troponin I Monoclonal Antibody [2I-14]	A500-049A	IHC, WB
Mouse anti-Troponin I (cTNI) Monoclonal Antibody	MABTNI	LFA
Goat anti-Troponin I (cTNI) Monoclonal Antibody	ABTNI-U	LFA
Mouse anti-Myoglobin Monoclonal Antibody [5mb-64]	A500-045A	IHC, WB

Cardiovascular Protein Families in Development and Disease

According to the CDC, 20% of deaths annually in the United States are attributed to cardiovascular disease, making it the leading cause of death for most demographics including men and women, and most racial and ethnic groups.

Vascular Growth Factors

Apolipoproteins & Lipoproteins

Cardiac Injury Biomarkers

Fortis Life Sciences offers over 700 cardiovascular antibodies and proteins.

References